Basics of PHP programming

The launch of PHP in 1995 opened up a whole new world of possibilities for web page development and design, all with unprecedented levels of scalability, security, and customization. To date, PHP provides developers with a versatile staging environment to perform server-side scripting, command-line scripting, and desktop application versions.

PHP provides the backbone for a wide range of primarily web-centric application functions, such as dynamic content management, remote database integration, and user session tracking. Programmers can also use PHP to request items directly from a server or database and then easily make that content accessible to web users.

PHP application builds typically follow a four-step execution process:

1. Tokens are constructed and defined using a lexer configuration, and an interpreter parses the script.
2. Using these tokens, the parser function creates a hierarchy called abstract syntax tree (AST), which parses the syntax in the source code and creates a structural model for the program.
3. The compiler translates the AST into code that dictates the compilation and execution actions performed by the Zend virtual machine (Zend VM), a component found in PHP’s unique Zend Engine scripting environment.
4. The Zend VM processes the opcode and performs the operations within the application.

PHP developers also have the option of using inversion of control techniques to call a specific function from PHP libraries. For example, the Laravel framework uses a model-view-controller design pattern and provides a feature-rich platform for building web applications. Another example library is the Symfony framework, which provides a set of reusable components that can help speed up modular development.

Outstanding Features of PHP 8

While PHP 7 offered performance and security improvements, PHP 8 represents a major release with substantial new features. These features include the just-in-time (JIT) compiler, a named argument method, static return types, inheritance, and OPcache extensions.

The addition of JIT gives PHP 8 a particularly attractive advantage over previous versions. JIT compiles a script to machine code before execution to save performance and memory usage. This enhances the capability of PHP in high compute environments and extends the possibilities of using PHP beyond simple web development, from IoT deployments to machine learning models.

For example, using shared memory storage for bytecode means that PHP’s four-step execution process only needs to run once. During this time, this bytecode is immediately available for execution by the Zend VM. The combination of the JIT compiler and the OPcache extension also eliminates the need to load and parse scripts on every request.

Finally, named arguments represent another feature of PHP 8 that seeks to add support for higher levels of development complexity. Named arguments is a method that allows arguments to act independently of order. Arguments are then passed to functions based on their identity, rather than their position in the workflow, allowing for a more sophisticated level of asynchronous behavior.

Competition with WebAssembly

WebAssembly (Wasm) operates primarily as a language-based tool for execution in web applications and provides a text-based assembly language and interfaces necessary to interact with host systems. Since the code in Wasm acts as an accessible multilingual target for a compiler, programmers can convert their preferred language to Wasm and run the new code in the browser.

A major feature of Wasm is that it gives developers flexibility in language, framework, and tool choices. Since this ensures that what runs on one browser will work on all browsers, developers can also focus on more demanding tasks, such as API support responsibilities. Additionally, developers can reuse existing JavaScript sources and libraries, as well as use a variety of other languages ​​to initiate modular development and create independent application components.

Because of these advantages, Wasm is somewhat of a disruptor in the field of web programming approaches. Server-side languages ​​such as JavaScript and PHP are well entrenched, especially since they are often a language of choice for burgeoning web developers looking to improve their skills. While that is unlikely to change anytime soon, newer versions of PHP will need to ensure that they keep pace with the competitive capabilities introduced by languages ​​like Wasm.